Pyruvate
Scientific names: 2-Oxopropanoate (pyruvate), 2-oxopropanoic acid (pyruvic acid)
Alternative names: 2-Oxypropanoic Acid, Acetylformic Acid, Acide Acétylformique, Acide Alpha-Kéto, Acide Oxo-2 Propanoïque, Acide Pyruvique, Alpha-Keto Acid, Alpha-Ketopropionic Acid, Calcium Pyruvate, Calcium Pyruvate Monohydrate, Creatine Pyruvate, Magnesium Pyruvate, Monohydrate de Pyruvate de Calcium, Piruvato, Potassium Pyruvate, Proacemic Acid, Pyruvate de Calcium, Pyruvate de Créatine, Pyruvate de Magnésium, Pyruvate de Sodium, Pyruvic Acid, Sodium Pyruvate
Actions: Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumor, Cardioprotective, Deficiencies in pyruvate metabolism, Dermatologic, Fatty acid metabolism, Glucose metabolism, Localization of brain tumor, Ocular, Peritoneal dialysis, Weight loss
Background
Pyruvate is a three-carbon acid that is naturally formed during glycolysis, the process in which the body breaks down sugar (glucose).
Pyruvate might increase the breakdown of fat, which could improve weight loss. Pyruvic acid seems to cause the outer layer of skin cells to slough off, which might benefit some skin conditions.
People use pyruvate for obesity, acne, high cholesterol, cataracts, athletic performance, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.
Pyruvate might increase the breakdown of fat, which could improve weight loss. Pyruvic acid seems to cause the outer layer of skin cells to slough off, which might benefit some skin conditions.
People use pyruvate for obesity, acne, high cholesterol, cataracts, athletic performance, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.
Safety Safety definitions
When taken by mouth: Pyruvate is possibly safe when used appropriately for up to six weeks. Side effects such as stomach upset, gas, bloating, and diarrhea might occur when used in doses above 30 grams daily.
When applied to the skin: Facial peels containing up to 50% pyruvic acid are possibly safe when applied by a healthcare professional. Severe skin burning might occur. It should only be applied to small patches of skin at a time.
When inhaled: Pyruvate is possibly safe when used in a nebulizer for up to six weeks.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Taking high amounts of pyruvate, such as 30 grams daily or more, might cause diarrhea, loose stools, and bloating.
When applied to the skin: Facial peels containing up to 50% pyruvic acid are possibly safe when applied by a healthcare professional. Severe skin burning might occur. It should only be applied to small patches of skin at a time.
When inhaled: Pyruvate is possibly safe when used in a nebulizer for up to six weeks.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if pyruvate is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Taking high amounts of pyruvate, such as 30 grams daily or more, might cause diarrhea, loose stools, and bloating.
Effectiveness
NatMed Pro rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.
Possibly effective Effectiveness definitions
- Acne. Applying a pyruvic acid skin peel might improve acne in some people.
- Obesity. Taking pyruvate by mouth while dieting and exercising might improve weight loss by a small amount in people who are overweight and obese.
Dosing & administration
Pyruvate has most often been used by adults in doses of 6-40 grams by mouth daily for up to 6 weeks. It's also been used in topical products such as facial skin peels and creams. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what type of product and dose might be best for a specific condition.
Interactions with pharmaceuticals
It is not known if Pyruvate interacts with any medicines. Before taking Pyruvate, talk with your healthcare professional if you take any medications.
Interactions with herbs & supplements
There are no known interactions with herbs and supplements.
Interactions with foods
There are no known interactions with foods.
Products
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Per 6 g (Vanilla):
- Hydroxyapatite (Calcium) 200 mg equiv. calcium 50 mg equiv. phosphorus 25 mg
- Calcium phosphate 946 mg equiv. calcium 350 mg equiv. phosphorus 189 mg
- Calcium citrate 1.2 g equiv. calcium 250 mg
- Cholecalciferol 10 μg equiv. vitamin D3 400 IU
- Zinc citrate dihydrate 19 mg equiv. zinc 6 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 25 mg equiv. manganese 2.5 mg
- Borax 13 mg equiv. boron 1.5 mg
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 57 mg
- Silica - colloidal anhydrous 43 mg equiv. silicon 20 mg
- Phytomenadione (Vitamin K1) 40 μg
- Lysine hydrochloride 250 mg equiv. lysine 200 mg
- Magnesium phosphate 990 mg equiv. magnesium 205 mg
- Magnesium citrate 217 mg equiv. magnesium 35 mg
Practitioner product
Per tablet:
- Calcium citrate tetrahydrate 190 mg equiv. calcium 40 mg
- Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 172 mg equiv. calcium 40 mg
- Calcium amino acid chelate 100 mg equiv. calcium 20 mg
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 50 mg
- d-alpha-Tocopheryl acid succinate (Vitamin E) 25 mg equiv. d-alpha-tocopherol 20 mg
- Tocopherols concentrate - mixed (low-alpha type) 2.5 mg
- Cholecalciferol 12.5 μg equiv. vitamin D3 500 IU
- Co-methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 400 μg
- Zinc sulphate monohydrate 28 mg equiv. zinc 10 mg
- Beta-carotene carotenoids (Vitamin A) 4 mg
- Phytomenadione (Vitamin K1) 80 μg
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 100 mg
- Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 50 mg
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) 50 mg
- Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 40 mg
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 20 mg
- Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P) 5 mg
- Folic acid 400 μg
- Biotin 50 μg
- Potassium phosphate dibasic 78 mg equiv. potassium 35 mg
- Magnesium oxide - heavy 66 mg equiv. magnesium 40 mg
- Borax 27 mg equiv. boron 3 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 16 mg equiv. manganese 2.5 mg
- Chromic chloride hexahydrate 769 μg equiv. chromium 150 μg
- Potassium iodide 391 μg equiv. iodine 299 μg
- Molybdenum trioxide 150 μg equiv. molybdenum 100 μg
- Selenomethionine 65 μg equiv. selenium 26 μg
- Magnesium bisglycinate 100 mg equiv. magnesium 10 mg
- Iron bisglycinate 25 mg equiv. iron 5 mg
- Brassica oleracea var. italica powder 100 mg
Practitioner product
Per tablet:
- Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 258 mg equiv. calcium 60 mg
- Calcium citrate tetrahydrate 142 mg equiv. calcium 30 mg
- Calcium amino acid chelate 50 mg equiv. calcium 10 mg
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 50 mg
- d-alpha-Tocopheryl acid succinate 25 mg equiv. vitamin E 20 mg
- Tocopherols concentrate - mixed (low-alpha type) 2.5 mg
- Cholecalciferol 13 μg equiv. vitamin D3 500 IU
- Co-methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 400 μg
- Zinc sulphate monohydrate 55 mg equiv. zinc 20 mg
- Silybum marianum ext. 51 mg
- Phytomenadione (Vitamin K1) 80 μg
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 100 mg
- Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 50 mg
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) 50 mg
- Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 30 mg
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 20 mg
- Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P) 5 mg
- Folic acid 400 μg
- Biotin 50 μg
- Magnesium amino acid chelate 100 mg equiv. magnesium 10 mg
- Potassium phosphate dibasic 78 mg equiv. potassium 35 mg
- Borax 27 mg equiv. boron 3 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 16 mg equiv. manganese 2.5 mg
- Chromium chloride hexahydrate 769 μg equiv. chromium 150 μg
- Molybdenum trioxide 188 μg equiv. molybdenum 125 μg
- Selenomethionine 65 μg equiv. selenium 26 μg
- Potassium iodide 52 μg equiv. iodine 40 μg
- Beta-carotene carotenoids (Vitamin A) 4 mg
Practitioner product
Per tablet:
- Calcium hydrogen phosphate 169.72 mg equiv. calcium 50 mg
- Calcium citrate tetrahydrate 71.09 mg equiv. calcium 15 mg
- Calcium pantothenate 100 mg equiv. calcium 8.4 mg
- Co-methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 100 µg
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 100 mg
- Cholecalciferol 25 µg equiv. vitamin D3 1000 IU
- d-alpha-Tocopheryl acid succinate 41.3 mg equiv. vitamin E 50 IU
- Zinc citrate dihydrate 31.15 mg equiv. zinc 10 mg
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) 25 mg equiv. thiamine 22.3 mg
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 25 mg
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 50 mg
- Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 100 mg equiv. pantothenic acid 91.6 mg
- Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 60.8 mg equiv. pyridoxine 50 mg
- Folic acid 200 µg
- Levomefolate calcium (Activated folate) 124 µg equiv. levomefolic acid 100 µg
- Biotin 50 µg
- Choline bitartrate 25 mg
- Citrus bioflavonoids extract 50 mg
- Inositol 25 mg
- Chromium nicotinate 417 µg equiv. chromium 50 µg
- Silica - colloidal anhydrous 42.78 mg equiv. silicon 20 mg
- Copper gluconate 3.57 mg equiv. copper 500 µg
- Ferrous fumarate 16.01 mg equiv. iron 5 mg
- Magnesium amino acid chelate 125 mg equiv. magnesium 25 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 10 mg equiv. manganese 1 mg
- Potassium iodide (Iodine) 196 µg equiv. iodine 150 µg equiv. potassium 46 µg
- Selenomethionine 124 µg equiv. selenium 50 µg
- Vitis vinifera ext. 100 mg
- Silybum marianum ext. 14.3 mg
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Per tablet:
Practitioner product
Per tablet:
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Per tablet:
- Total Calcium 334.2 mg
- Hydroxyapatite 668 mg equiv. calcium 167 mg
- Calcium citrate tetrahydrate 792.22 mg equiv. calcium 167.2 mg
- Cholecalciferol 8.3 μg equiv. vitamin D3 333 IU
- Magnesium oxide - heavy 100.2 mg equiv. magnesium 58 mg
- Zinc amino acid chelate 16 mg equiv. zinc 3.2 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 10 mg equiv. manganese 1 mg
- Copper gluconate 1.4 mg equiv. copper 200 μg
- Silica - colloidal anhydrous 15.5 mg equiv. silica 7.3 mg
- Borax 8.8 mg equiv. boron 1 mg
- Menaquinone 7 (Vitamin K2) 30 μg
Practitioner product
Per tablet:
- Total Calcium 250 mg
- Calcium citrate tetrahydrate 685 mg equiv. calcium 145 mg
- Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 452 mg equiv. calcium 105 mg
- Total Magnesium 120 mg
- Magnesium amino acid chelate 200 mg equiv. magnesium 40 mg
- Magnesium oxide - heavy 133 mg equiv. magnesium 80 mg
- Zinc amino acid chelate 50 mg equiv. zinc 10 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 25 mg equiv. manganese 5 mg
- Copper gluconate 715 μg equiv. copper 100 μg
- Cholecalciferol 5 μg equiv. vitamin D3 200 IU
- Silicon dioxide 50 mg equiv. silicon 23 mg
Practitioner product
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.png "<img src='https://images.vital.ly/tr:w-350,c-at_max,dpr-2,q-100/Orthoplex_White_Children%27s_Essentials_250_g_Berry_and_Peach_Flavour_(1).png' />")
Per 5 g (Berry and Peach):
- Calcium citrate 1.04 g equiv. calcium 250 mg
- Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 54.58 mg equiv. calcium 12.7 mg
- Cholecalciferol 10 μg equiv. vitamin D3 400 IU
- Retinyl acetate 472 μg equiv. vitamin A 400 μg
- Zinc citrate dihydrate 18.65 mg equiv. zinc 6 mg
- Palm tocotrienols complex (Vitamin E) 2.5 mg
- Hydroxocobalamin (Vitamin B12) 15 μg
- Calcium ascorbate dihydrate (Vitamin C) 60.5 mg equiv. ascorbic acid 50 mg
- Magnesium citrate 802.5 mg equiv. magnesium 130 mg
- Menaquinone 7 (Vitamin K2) 5 μg
- Phytomenadione (Vitamin K1) 30 μg
- Potassium iodide 117.7 μg equiv. iodine 90 μg
- Iron (II) glycinate 17.78 mg equiv. iron 4 mg
- Riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium (Activated B2) 5 mg
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 15 mg
- Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 16.4 mg equiv. pantothenic acid 15 mg
- Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate (P5P) 1.55 mg equiv. pyridoxine 1 mg
- Biotin 25 μg
- Chromium nicotinate 120.7 μg equiv. chromium 15 μg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 2500 μg equiv. manganese 250 μg
- Molybdenum trioxide 33.75 μg equiv. molybdenum 22.5 μg
- Lysine hydrochloride 15 mg equiv. lysine 12 mg
- L-glycine 2 g
- Choline bitartrate 150 mg
- Selenomethionine 75 μg equiv. selenium 30 μg
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) 5 mg equiv. thiamine 3.9 mg
- Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 4.5 mg equiv. pyridoxine 3.7 mg
- Calcium folinate (Activated folate) 215 μg equiv. folinic acid 200 μg
- Potassium citrate 27.68 mg equiv. potassium 10 mg
- Total Ascorbic acid 100 mg
Practitioner product
Practitioner product
Per tablet:
Practitioner product
Per tablet:
- Calcium pantothenate 81.9 mg equiv. calcium 6.9 mg equiv. pantothenic acid 75 mg
- Calcium citrate tetrahydrate 99.53 mg equiv. calcium 21 mg
- Tribulus terrestris ext. 20 mg
- Thiamine nitrate (Vitamin B1) 61.7 mg
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 50 mg
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 75 mg
- Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 60.8 mg equiv. pyridoxine 50 mg
- Folic acid 100 μg
- Levomefolate calcium (Activated folate) 124 μg equiv. levomefolic acid 100 μg
- Mecobalamin (Vitamin B12) 100 μg
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 100 mg
- Cholecalciferol 25 μg equiv. vitamin D3 1000 IU
- d-alpha-Tocopheryl acid succinate 10.5 mg equiv. vitamin E 12.7 IU
- Biotin 250 μg
- Inositol 50 mg
- Alpha lipoic acid 30 mg
- Lycopene 1 mg
- Chromium picolinate 199.5 μg equiv. chromium 24.8 μg
- Copper gluconate 7.14 mg equiv. copper 1 mg
- Iron amino acid chelate 30 mg equiv. iron 3 mg
- Magnesium citrate 154.7 mg equiv. magnesium 25 mg
- Manganese sulphate monohydrate 1.54 mg equiv. manganese 500 μg
- Potassium phosphate monobasic 24.5 mg equiv. potassium 7 mg
- Potassium iodide 50 μg equiv. iodine 38 μg
- Selenomethionine 186.3 μg equiv. selenium 75 μg
- Zinc amino acid chelate 50 mg equiv. zinc 10 mg
- Tribulus terrestris ext. 20 mg
- Eleutherococcus senticosus ext. 133.3 mg
- Turnera diffusa ext. 50 mg
- Withania somnifera ext. 20 mg
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Per tablet (Berry):
- Calcified lithothamnion (Red algae) 13.22 mg equiv. calcium 4.17 mg
- Calcium ascorbate equiv. calcium 1.83 mg
- Calcium pantothenate equiv. calcium 0.25 mg
- Cholecalciferol 6.25 µg equiv. vitamin D3 250 IU
- d-alpha-Tocopherol 5 mg equiv. vitamin E 7.5 IU
- Co-methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 100 µg
- Zinc citrate 18.30 mg equiv. zinc 6.25 mg
- Calcium ascorbate (Vitamin C) 18.15 mg equiv. ascorbic acid 15 mg
- Phyllanthus emblica ext. 5 mg
- Menaquinone 7 (Vitamin K2) 20 µg
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) 794 µg equiv. thiamine 625 µg
- Riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium (Activated B2) 855 µg equiv. riboflavin 625 µg
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 6.25 mg
- Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 2.98 mg equiv. pantothenic acid 2.5 mg
- Pyridoxal 5-phosphate monohydrate (P5P) 1.01 mg equiv. pyridoxine 625 µg
- Levomefolate glucosamine (Activated folate) 370.37 µg equiv. levomefolic acid 200 µg
- Ferric pyrophosphate 5 mg
- Chromium picolinate 80.45 µg equiv. chromium 10 µg
- Copper sulfate pentahydrate 392.8 µg equiv. copper 100 µg
- Manganese gluconate 10.97 mg equiv. manganese 1.25 mg
- Selenomethionine 62.09 µg equiv. selenium 25 µg
- Borax 3.29 mg equiv. boron 375 µg
- Lutein 500 µg
- Lycopene 500 µg
- Lysine hydrochloride 3.12 mg equiv. lysine 2.5 mg
- Ascophyllum nodosum 9.34 mg
- Magnesium 6.25 mg
- Magnesium ascorbate (Vitamin C) 7.07 mg equiv. ascorbic acid 5 mg
- Cruciferous vegetable blend 20 mg
- Ultra fruit blend 20 mg
- Live vegetable blend 20 mg
- Multi herb blend 20 mg
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Per 48 g:
- Calcium phosphate dibasic
- Calcium citrate
- Whey protein concentrate
- Whey protein isolate
- Soy lecithin
- Theobroma cacao (Cocoa powder)
- Medium Chain Triglycerides (powder) (MCT)
- Flavour
- Magnesium citrate
- Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar gum)
- Zinc gluconate
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
- Beta-carotene carotenoids (Vitamin A)
- Chromium chloride
- Ferrous fumarate
- d-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate
- Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5)
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
- Sodium selenite
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1)
- Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
- Biotin
- Potassium iodide
- Sodium molybdate
- Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)
- Copper sulfate
- Manganese citrate
- Cholecalciferol
- Folic acid
- Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6)
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Per sachet (Double Choc):
- Calcium lactate
- Calcium ascorbate
- Pea protein isolate
- Pea Fibre
- Medium Chain Triglycerides (powder) (MCT)
- Isomalto-oligosaccharide (Soluble Fibre from Tapioca Starch)
- Coconut sugar
- Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar gum)
- Xanthan gum
- Acacia Gum
- Coconut milk powder
- Natural vanilla flavour
- Plantago ovata (husk) (Psyllium)
- Stevia rebaubiana
- Luo Han Guo (fruit) ext. (Monk fruit)
- Magnesium oxide
- Maltodextrin
- Ferric pyrophosphate
- dl-alpha-Tocopheryl acetate
- Zinc sulphate
- Potassium iodide
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3)
- Retinol acetate
- Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1)
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
- Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
- Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6)
- Folic acid
- Theobroma cacao (Cocoa powder)
- Natural chocolate flavour
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Per 9.5 g (Tropical):
- Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 2.1 g equiv. calcium 500 mg
- Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) 25 mg
- Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5) 50 mg
- Co-methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) 200 μg
- Magnesium bisglycinate 2 g equiv. magnesium 200 mg
- Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) 25 mg
- Riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium (Activated B2) 25 mg equiv. riboflavin 18 mg
- Acetyl levocarnitine hydrochloride (Acetyl-L-carnitine) 1.2 g
- L-tyrosine 1 g
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 500 mg
- Sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous 250 mg equiv. sodium 81 mg
- Borax 13 mg equiv. boron 1.5 mg
- Potassium iodide 98 μg equiv. iodine 75 μg
- Selenomethionine 62.5 μg equiv. selenium 25 μg
- Zinc bisglycinate (Zinc amino acid chelate) 50 mg equiv. zinc 10 mg
400 g Tropical
Practitioner product
Per 8 g (Orange):
- Calcium citrate 2.07 g equiv. calcium 500 mg
- Potassium citrate 276 mg equiv. potassium 100 mg
- Magnesium citrate 1.85 g equiv. magnesium 300 mg
- Zinc citrate dihydrate 31.1 mg equiv. zinc 10 mg
- Selenomethionine 75.2 µg equiv. selenium 30.4 µg
- Chromic chloride hexahydrate 307.2 µg equiv. chromium 59.2 µg
- Molybdenum trioxide 90.4 µg equiv. molybdenum 60 µg
- Menaquinone 7 (Vitamin K2) 90.4 µg
Practitioner product
Per 3.9 g (Passionfruit):
- Hydroxyapatite (Calcium) 2 g equiv. calcium 500 mg equiv. phosphorus 216 mg
- Glycine max ext. 113 mg
- Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 250 mg
- Borax 26 mg equiv. boron 3 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 16 mg equiv. manganese 2.5 mg
- Phytomenadione (Vitamin K1) 100 μg
- Cholecalciferol 12.5 μg equiv. vitamin D3 500 IU
- Zinc bisglycinate (Zinc amino acid chelate) 25 mg equiv. zinc 5 mg
Practitioner product
Per 7 g (Orange):
- Calcium citrate tetrahydrate 2.13 g equiv. calcium 450 mg
- Sodium citrate dihydrate 810.2 mg equiv. sodium 190 mg
- Potassium citrate 484.05 mg equiv. potassium 175 mg
- Magnesium citrate nonahydrate 2.52 g equiv. magnesium 300 mg
- Calcifediol monohydrate (Vitamin D) 10 μg
- Zinc citrate dihydrate 31.95 mg equiv. zinc 10 mg
- Chromium nicotinate 403.23 μg equiv. chromium 50 μg
- Molybdenum trioxide 150 μg equiv. molybdenum 100 μg
- Yeast 25 mg
- Manganese amino acid chelate 25 mg equiv. manganese 5 mg
- Borax 26.4 mg equiv. boron 3 mg
- Menaquinone 7 (Vitamin K2) 100 μg
Practitioner product
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This monograph was last reviewed on 18/07/2025 10:00:00 and last updated on 12/11/2014 22:26:15. Monographs are reviewed and/or updated multiple times per month and at least once per year.
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Natural Medicines rates safety based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Likely Safe, Possibly Safe, Possibly Unsafe, Likely Unsafe, Unsafe, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate. For more information about Natural Medicines’ Safety Rating System, click here.
The Natural Medicines Effectiveness Ratings are assigned for specific indications. A product might be rated "Possibly Effective" for one condition, but be rated "Likely Ineffective" for another condition, depending on the evidence. For more info click here.
